INFORMATIONAL
Errata Exist

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                        D. M'Raihi
Request for Comments: 6238                                Verisign, Inc.
Category: Informational                                       S. Machani
ISSN: 2070-1721                                         Diversinet Corp.
                                                                  M. Pei
                                                                Symantec
                                                               J. Rydell
                                                          Portwise, Inc.
                                                                May 2011


              
TOTP: Time-Based One-Time Password Algorithm

Abstract

   This document describes an extension of the One-Time Password (OTP)
   algorithm, namely the HMAC-based One-Time Password (HOTP) algorithm,
   as defined in RFC 4226, to support the time-based moving factor.  The
   HOTP algorithm specifies an event-based OTP algorithm, where the
   moving factor is an event counter.  The present work bases the moving
   factor on a time value.  A time-based variant of the OTP algorithm
   provides short-lived OTP values, which are desirable for enhanced
   security.

   The proposed algorithm can be used across a wide range of network
   applications, from remote Virtual Private Network (VPN) access and
   Wi-Fi network logon to transaction-oriented Web applications.  The
   authors believe that a common and shared algorithm will facilitate
   adoption of two-factor authentication on the Internet by enabling
   interoperability across commercial and open-source implementations.

Status of This Memo

   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
   published for informational purposes.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
   approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
   Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6238.





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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................2
      1.1. Scope ......................................................2
      1.2. Background .................................................3
   2. Notation and Terminology ........................................3
   3. Algorithm Requirements ..........................................3
   4. TOTP Algorithm ..................................................4
      4.1. Notations ..................................................4
      4.2. Description ................................................4
   5. Security Considerations .........................................5
      5.1. General ....................................................5
      5.2. Validation and Time-Step Size ..............................6
   6. Resynchronization ...............................................7
   7. Acknowledgements ................................................7
   8. References ......................................................8
      8.1. Normative References .......................................8
      8.2. Informative References .....................................8
   Appendix A. TOTP Algorithm: Reference Implementation ...............9
   Appendix B. Test Vectors ..........................................14

.  Introduction

1.1.  Scope

   This document describes an extension of the One-Time Password (OTP)
   algorithm, namely the HMAC-based One-Time Password (HOTP) algorithm,
   as defined in [RFC4226], to support the time-based moving factor.








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1.2.  Background

   As defined in [RFC4226], the HOTP algorithm is based on the
   HMAC-SHA-1 algorithm (as specified in [RFC2104]) and applied to an
   increasing counter value representing the message in the HMAC
   computation.

   Basically, the output of the HMAC-SHA-1 calculation is truncated to
   obtain user-friendly values:

      HOTP(K,C) = Truncate(HMAC-SHA-1(K,C))

   where Truncate represents the function that can convert an HMAC-SHA-1
   value into an HOTP value.  K and C represent the shared secret and
   counter value; see [RFC4226] for detailed definitions.

   TOTP is the time-based variant of this algorithm, where a value T,
   derived from a time reference and a time step, replaces the counter C
   in the HOTP computation.

   TOTP implementations MAY use HMAC-SHA-256 or HMAC-SHA-512 functions,
   based on SHA-256 or SHA-512 [SHA2] hash functions, instead of the
   HMAC-SHA-1 function that has been specified for the HOTP computation
   in [RFC4226].

.  Notation and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

.  Algorithm Requirements

   This section summarizes the requirements taken into account for
   designing the TOTP algorithm.

   R1: The prover (e.g., token, soft token) and verifier (authentication
       or validation server) MUST know or be able to derive the current
       Unix time (i.e., the number of seconds elapsed since midnight UTC
       of January 1, 1970) for OTP generation.  See [UT] for a more
       detailed definition of the commonly known "Unix time".  The
       precision of the time used by the prover affects how often the
       clock synchronization should be done; see Section 6.

   R2: The prover and verifier MUST either share the same secret or the
       knowledge of a secret transformation to generate a shared secret.

   R3: The algorithm MUST use HOTP [RFC4226] as a key building block.



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   R4: The prover and verifier MUST use the same time-step value X.

   R5: There MUST be a unique secret (key) for each prover.

   R6: The keys SHOULD be randomly generated or derived using key
       derivation algorithms.

   R7: The keys MAY be stored in a tamper-resistant device and SHOULD be
       protected against unauthorized access and usage.

.  TOTP Algorithm

   This variant of the HOTP algorithm specifies the calculation of a
   one-time password value, based on a representation of the counter as
   a time factor.

4.1.  Notations

   o  X represents the time step in seconds (default value X =
      30 seconds) and is a system parameter.

   o  T0 is the Unix time to start counting time steps (default value is
      0, i.e., the Unix epoch) and is also a system parameter.

4.2.  Description

   Basically, we define TOTP as TOTP = HOTP(K, T), where T is an integer
   and represents the number of time steps between the initial counter
   time T0 and the current Unix time.

   More specifically, T = (Current Unix time - T0) / X, where the
   default floor function is used in the computation.

   For example, with T0 = 0 and Time Step X = 30, T = 1 if the current
   Unix time is 59 seconds, and T = 2 if the current Unix time is
   60 seconds.

   The implementation of this algorithm MUST support a time value T
   larger than a 32-bit integer when it is beyond the year 2038.  The
   value of the system parameters X and T0 are pre-established during
   the provisioning process and communicated between a prover and
   verifier as part of the provisioning step.  The provisioning flow is
   out of scope of this document; refer to [RFC6030] for such
   provisioning container specifications.







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.  Security Considerations

5.1.  General

   The security and strength of this algorithm depend on the properties
   of the underlying building block HOTP, which is a construction based
   on HMAC [RFC2104] using SHA-1 as the hash function.

   The conclusion of the security analysis detailed in [RFC4226] is
   that, for all practical purposes, the outputs of the dynamic
   truncation on distinct inputs are uniformly and independently
   distributed strings.

   The analysis demonstrates that the best possible attack against the
   HOTP function is the brute force attack.

   As indicated in the algorithm requirement section, keys SHOULD be
   chosen at random or using a cryptographically strong pseudorandom
   generator properly seeded with a random value.

   Keys SHOULD be of the length of the HMAC output to facilitate
   interoperability.

   We RECOMMEND following the recommendations in [RFC4086] for all
   pseudorandom and random number generations.  The pseudorandom numbers
   used for generating the keys SHOULD successfully pass the randomness
   test specified in [CN], or a similar well-recognized test.

   All the communications SHOULD take place over a secure channel, e.g.,
   Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) [RFC5246] or
   IPsec connections [RFC4301].

   We also RECOMMEND storing the keys securely in the validation system,
   and, more specifically, encrypting them using tamper-resistant
   hardware encryption and exposing them only when required: for
   example, the key is decrypted when needed to verify an OTP value, and
   re-encrypted immediately to limit exposure in the RAM to a short
   period of time.

   The key store MUST be in a secure area, to avoid, as much as
   possible, direct attack on the validation system and secrets
   database.  Particularly, access to the key material should be limited
   to programs and processes required by the validation system only.








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5.2.  Validation and Time-Step Size

   An OTP generated within the same time step will be the same.  When an
   OTP is received at a validation system, it doesn't know a client's
   exact timestamp when an OTP was generated.  The validation system may
   typically use the timestamp when an OTP is received for OTP
   comparison.  Due to network latency, the gap (as measured by T, that
   is, the number of time steps since T0) between the time that the OTP
   was generated and the time that the OTP arrives at the receiving
   system may be large.  The receiving time at the validation system and
   the actual OTP generation may not fall within the same time-step
   window that produced the same OTP.  When an OTP is generated at the
   end of a time-step window, the receiving time most likely falls into
   the next time-step window.  A validation system SHOULD typically set
   a policy for an acceptable OTP transmission delay window for
   validation.  The validation system should compare OTPs not only with
   the receiving timestamp but also the past timestamps that are within
   the transmission delay.  A larger acceptable delay window would
   expose a larger window for attacks.  We RECOMMEND that at most one
   time step is allowed as the network delay.

   The time-step size has an impact on both security and usability.  A
   larger time-step size means a larger validity window for an OTP to be
   accepted by a validation system.  There are implications for using a
   larger time-step size, as follows:

   First, a larger time-step size exposes a larger window to attack.
   When an OTP is generated and exposed to a third party before it is
   consumed, the third party can consume the OTP within the time-step
   window.

   We RECOMMEND a default time-step size of 30 seconds.  This default
   value of 30 seconds is selected as a balance between security and
   usability.

   Second, the next different OTP must be generated in the next time-
   step window.  A user must wait until the clock moves to the next
   time-step window from the last submission.  The waiting time may not
   be exactly the length of the time step, depending on when the last
   OTP was generated.  For example, if the last OTP was generated at the
   halfway point in a time-step window, the waiting time for the next
   OTP is half the length of the time step.  In general, a larger time-
   step window means a longer waiting time for a user to get the next
   valid OTP after the last successful OTP validation.  A too-large
   window (for example, 10 minutes) most probably won't be suitable for
   typical Internet login use cases; a user may not be able to get the
   next OTP within 10 minutes and therefore will have to re-login to the
   same site in 10 minutes.



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   Note that a prover may send the same OTP inside a given time-step
   window multiple times to a verifier.  The verifier MUST NOT accept
   the second attempt of the OTP after the successful validation has
   been issued for the first OTP, which ensures one-time only use of an
   OTP.

.  Resynchronization

   Because of possible clock drifts between a client and a validation
   server, we RECOMMEND that the validator be set with a specific limit
   to the number of time steps a prover can be "out of synch" before
   being rejected.

   This limit can be set both forward and backward from the calculated
   time step on receipt of the OTP value.  If the time step is
   30 seconds as recommended, and the validator is set to only accept
   two time steps backward, then the maximum elapsed time drift would be
   around 89 seconds, i.e., 29 seconds in the calculated time step and
   60 seconds for two backward time steps.

   This would mean the validator could perform a validation against the
   current time and then two further validations for each backward step
   (for a total of 3 validations).  Upon successful validation, the
   validation server can record the detected clock drift for the token
   in terms of the number of time steps.  When a new OTP is received
   after this step, the validator can validate the OTP with the current
   timestamp adjusted with the recorded number of time-step clock drifts
   for the token.

   Also, it is important to note that the longer a prover has not sent
   an OTP to a validation system, the longer (potentially) the
   accumulated clock drift between the prover and the verifier.  In such
   cases, the automatic resynchronization described above may not work
   if the drift exceeds the allowed threshold.  Additional
   authentication measures should be used to safely authenticate the
   prover and explicitly resynchronize the clock drift between the
   prover and the validator.

.  Acknowledgements

   The authors of this document would like to thank the following people
   for their contributions and support to make this a better
   specification: Hannes Tschofenig, Jonathan Tuliani, David Dix,
   Siddharth Bajaj, Stu Veath, Shuh Chang, Oanh Hoang, John Huang, and
   Siddhartha Mohapatra.






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.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
              "Randomness Recommendations for Security", BCP 106,
              RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [RFC4226]  M'Raihi, D., Bellare, M., Hoornaert, F., Naccache, D., and
              O. Ranen, "HOTP: An HMAC-Based One-Time Password
              Algorithm", RFC 4226, December 2005.

   [SHA2]     NIST, "FIPS PUB 180-3: Secure Hash Standard (SHS)",
              October 2008, <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/
              fips180-3/fips180-3_final.pdf>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [CN]       Coron, J. and D. Naccache, "An Accurate Evaluation of
              Maurer's Universal Test", LNCS 1556, February 1999,
              <http://www.gemplus.com/smart/rd/publications/pdf/
              CN99maur.pdf>.

   [RFC4301]  Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC6030]  Hoyer, P., Pei, M., and S. Machani, "Portable Symmetric
              Key Container (PSKC)", RFC 6030, October 2010.

   [UT]       Wikipedia, "Unix time", February 2011,
              <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time>.










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Appendix A.  TOTP Algorithm: Reference Implementation

 <CODE BEGINS>

 /**
 Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
 authors of the code. All rights reserved.

 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license
 terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set forth in Section
 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
 */

 import java.lang.reflect.UndeclaredThrowableException;
 import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
 import java.text.DateFormat;
 import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
 import java.util.Date;
 import javax.crypto.Mac;
 import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.TimeZone;


 /**
  * This is an example implementation of the OATH
  * TOTP algorithm.
  * Visit www.openauthentication.org for more information.
  *
  * @author Johan Rydell, PortWise, Inc.
  */

 public class TOTP {

     private TOTP() {}

     /**
      * This method uses the JCE to provide the crypto algorithm.
      * HMAC computes a Hashed Message Authentication Code with the
      * crypto hash algorithm as a parameter.
      *
      * @param crypto: the crypto algorithm (HmacSHA1, HmacSHA256,
      *                             HmacSHA512)
      * @param keyBytes: the bytes to use for the HMAC key
      * @param text: the message or text to be authenticated
      */



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     private static byte[] hmac_sha(String crypto, byte[] keyBytes,
             byte[] text){
         try {
             Mac hmac;
             hmac = Mac.getInstance(crypto);
             SecretKeySpec macKey =
                 new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "RAW");
             hmac.init(macKey);
             return hmac.doFinal(text);
         } catch (GeneralSecurityException gse) {
             throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(gse);
         }
     }


     /**
      * This method converts a HEX string to Byte[]
      *
      * @param hex: the HEX string
      *
      * @return: a byte array
      */

     private static byte[] hexStr2Bytes(String hex){
         // Adding one byte to get the right conversion
         // Values starting with "0" can be converted
         byte[] bArray = new BigInteger("10" + hex,16).toByteArray();

         // Copy all the REAL bytes, not the "first"
         byte[] ret = new byte[bArray.length - 1];
         for (int i = 0; i < ret.length; i++)
             ret[i] = bArray[i+1];
         return ret;
     }

     private static final int[] DIGITS_POWER
     // 0 1  2   3    4     5      6       7        8
     = {1,10,100,1000,10000,100000,1000000,10000000,100000000 };













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     /**
      * This method generates a TOTP value for the given
      * set of parameters.
      *
      * @param key: the shared secret, HEX encoded
      * @param time: a value that reflects a time
      * @param returnDigits: number of digits to return
      *
      * @return: a numeric String in base 10 that includes
      *              {@link truncationDigits} digits
      */

     public static String generateTOTP(String key,
             String time,
             String returnDigits){
         return generateTOTP(key, time, returnDigits, "HmacSHA1");
     }


     /**
      * This method generates a TOTP value for the given
      * set of parameters.
      *
      * @param key: the shared secret, HEX encoded
      * @param time: a value that reflects a time
      * @param returnDigits: number of digits to return
      *
      * @return: a numeric String in base 10 that includes
      *              {@link truncationDigits} digits
      */

     public static String generateTOTP256(String key,
             String time,
             String returnDigits){
         return generateTOTP(key, time, returnDigits, "HmacSHA256");
     }















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     /**
      * This method generates a TOTP value for the given
      * set of parameters.
      *
      * @param key: the shared secret, HEX encoded
      * @param time: a value that reflects a time
      * @param returnDigits: number of digits to return
      *
      * @return: a numeric String in base 10 that includes
      *              {@link truncationDigits} digits
      */

     public static String generateTOTP512(String key,
             String time,
             String returnDigits){
         return generateTOTP(key, time, returnDigits, "HmacSHA512");
     }


     /**
      * This method generates a TOTP value for the given
      * set of parameters.
      *
      * @param key: the shared secret, HEX encoded
      * @param time: a value that reflects a time
      * @param returnDigits: number of digits to return
      * @param crypto: the crypto function to use
      *
      * @return: a numeric String in base 10 that includes
      *              {@link truncationDigits} digits
      */

     public static String generateTOTP(String key,
             String time,
             String returnDigits,
             String crypto){
         int codeDigits = Integer.decode(returnDigits).intValue();
         String result = null;

         // Using the counter
         // First 8 bytes are for the movingFactor
         // Compliant with base RFC 4226 (HOTP)
         while (time.length() < 16 )
             time = "0" + time;

         // Get the HEX in a Byte[]
         byte[] msg = hexStr2Bytes(time);
         byte[] k = hexStr2Bytes(key);



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         byte[] hash = hmac_sha(crypto, k, msg);

         // put selected bytes into result int
         int offset = hash[hash.length - 1] & 0xf;

         int binary =
             ((hash[offset] & 0x7f) << 24) |
             ((hash[offset + 1] & 0xff) << 16) |
             ((hash[offset + 2] & 0xff) << 8) |
             (hash[offset + 3] & 0xff);

         int otp = binary % DIGITS_POWER[codeDigits];

         result = Integer.toString(otp);
         while (result.length() < codeDigits) {
             result = "0" + result;
         }
         return result;
     }

     public static void main(String[] args) {
         // Seed for HMAC-SHA1 - 20 bytes
         String seed = "3132333435363738393031323334353637383930";
         // Seed for HMAC-SHA256 - 32 bytes
         String seed32 = "3132333435363738393031323334353637383930" +
         "313233343536373839303132";
         // Seed for HMAC-SHA512 - 64 bytes
         String seed64 = "3132333435363738393031323334353637383930" +
         "3132333435363738393031323334353637383930" +
         "3132333435363738393031323334353637383930" +
         "31323334";
         long T0 = 0;
         long X = 30;
         long testTime[] = {59L, 1111111109L, 1111111111L,
                 1234567890L, 2000000000L, 20000000000L};

         String steps = "0";
         DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
         df.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));












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         try {
             System.out.println(
                     "+---------------+-----------------------+" +
             "------------------+--------+--------+");
             System.out.println(
                     "|  Time(sec)    |   Time (UTC format)   " +
             "| Value of T(Hex)  |  TOTP  | Mode   |");
             System.out.println(
                     "+---------------+-----------------------+" +
             "------------------+--------+--------+");

             for (int i=0; i<testTime.length; i++) {
                 long T = (testTime[i] - T0)/X;
                 steps = Long.toHexString(T).toUpperCase();
                 while (steps.length() < 16) steps = "0" + steps;
                 String fmtTime = String.format("%1$-11s", testTime[i]);
                 String utcTime = df.format(new Date(testTime[i]*1000));
                 System.out.print("|  " + fmtTime + "  |  " + utcTime +
                         "  | " + steps + " |");
                 System.out.println(generateTOTP(seed, steps, "8",
                 "HmacSHA1") + "| SHA1   |");
                 System.out.print("|  " + fmtTime + "  |  " + utcTime +
                         "  | " + steps + " |");
                 System.out.println(generateTOTP(seed32, steps, "8",
                 "HmacSHA256") + "| SHA256 |");
                 System.out.print("|  " + fmtTime + "  |  " + utcTime +
                         "  | " + steps + " |");
                 System.out.println(generateTOTP(seed64, steps, "8",
                 "HmacSHA512") + "| SHA512 |");

                 System.out.println(
                         "+---------------+-----------------------+" +
                 "------------------+--------+--------+");
             }
         }catch (final Exception e){
             System.out.println("Error : " + e);
         }
     }
 }

 <CODE ENDS>

Appendix B.  Test Vectors

   This section provides test values that can be used for the HOTP time-
   based variant algorithm interoperability test.





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   The test token shared secret uses the ASCII string value
   "12345678901234567890".  With Time Step X = 30, and the Unix epoch as
   the initial value to count time steps, where T0 = 0, the TOTP
   algorithm will display the following values for specified modes and
   timestamps.

  +-------------+--------------+------------------+----------+--------+
  |  Time (sec) |   UTC Time   | Value of T (hex) |   TOTP   |  Mode  |
  +-------------+--------------+------------------+----------+--------+
  |      59     |  1970-01-01  | 0000000000000001 | 94287082 |  SHA1  |
  |             |   00:00:59   |                  |          |        |
  |      59     |  1970-01-01  | 0000000000000001 | 46119246 | SHA256 |
  |             |   00:00:59   |                  |          |        |
  |      59     |  1970-01-01  | 0000000000000001 | 90693936 | SHA512 |
  |             |   00:00:59   |                  |          |        |
  |  1111111109 |  2005-03-18  | 00000000023523EC | 07081804 |  SHA1  |
  |             |   01:58:29   |                  |          |        |
  |  1111111109 |  2005-03-18  | 00000000023523EC | 68084774 | SHA256 |
  |             |   01:58:29   |                  |          |        |
  |  1111111109 |  2005-03-18  | 00000000023523EC | 25091201 | SHA512 |
  |             |   01:58:29   |                  |          |        |
  |  1111111111 |  2005-03-18  | 00000000023523ED | 14050471 |  SHA1  |
  |             |   01:58:31   |                  |          |        |
  |  1111111111 |  2005-03-18  | 00000000023523ED | 67062674 | SHA256 |
  |             |   01:58:31   |                  |          |        |
  |  1111111111 |  2005-03-18  | 00000000023523ED | 99943326 | SHA512 |
  |             |   01:58:31   |                  |          |        |
  |  1234567890 |  2009-02-13  | 000000000273EF07 | 89005924 |  SHA1  |
  |             |   23:31:30   |                  |          |        |
  |  1234567890 |  2009-02-13  | 000000000273EF07 | 91819424 | SHA256 |
  |             |   23:31:30   |                  |          |        |
  |  1234567890 |  2009-02-13  | 000000000273EF07 | 93441116 | SHA512 |
  |             |   23:31:30   |                  |          |        |
  |  2000000000 |  2033-05-18  | 0000000003F940AA | 69279037 |  SHA1  |
  |             |   03:33:20   |                  |          |        |
  |  2000000000 |  2033-05-18  | 0000000003F940AA | 90698825 | SHA256 |
  |             |   03:33:20   |                  |          |        |
  |  2000000000 |  2033-05-18  | 0000000003F940AA | 38618901 | SHA512 |
  |             |   03:33:20   |                  |          |        |
  | 20000000000 |  2603-10-11  | 0000000027BC86AA | 65353130 |  SHA1  |
  |             |   11:33:20   |                  |          |        |
  | 20000000000 |  2603-10-11  | 0000000027BC86AA | 77737706 | SHA256 |
  |             |   11:33:20   |                  |          |        |
  | 20000000000 |  2603-10-11  | 0000000027BC86AA | 47863826 | SHA512 |
  |             |   11:33:20   |                  |          |        |
  +-------------+--------------+------------------+----------+--------+

                            Table 1: TOTP Table



M'Raihi, et al.               Informational                    [Page 15]

 
RFC 6238                      HOTPTimeBased                     May 2011


Authors' Addresses

   David M'Raihi
   Verisign, Inc.
   685 E. Middlefield Road
   Mountain View, CA  94043
   USA

   EMail: davidietf@gmail.com


   Salah Machani
   Diversinet Corp.
   2225 Sheppard Avenue East, Suite 1801
   Toronto, Ontario  M2J 5C2
   Canada

   EMail: smachani@diversinet.com


   Mingliang Pei
   Symantec
   510 E. Middlefield Road
   Mountain View, CA  94043
   USA

   EMail: Mingliang_Pei@symantec.com


   Johan Rydell
   Portwise, Inc.
   275 Hawthorne Ave., Suite 119
   Palo Alto, CA  94301
   USA

   EMail: johanietf@gmail.com

# vsftpd 주요 서비스

# vsftpd 관련 파일

# 계정별 vsftpd 접속제한 파일

# /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf 설정옵션

출처 : http://oracle.tistory.com/129 (안나푸르나)

SFTP는 기본적으로 로그를 남지 않습니다, 때문에 파일의 변경/삭제가 어떻게 된 것인 찾기가 곤란할 수 있습니다.

이번에 소개해 드릴 openssh 및 syslog의 간단한 설정으로 SFTP 작업 로그 남기는 방법에 대해 소개 드립니다.

1. /etc/ssh/sshd_config 의 편집

아래의 라인을 수정이나 추가해 줍니다.
보통 ‘Subsystem’이 주석 처리되어 있을 것이니 주석을 해제하고 아래와 같이 수정/추가해 주시면 됩니다.

추가할 내용 : Subsystem       sftp    /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server -f local2 -l INFO

명령: # echo “Subsystem       sftp    /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server -f local2 -l INFO” >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config
          # tail /etc/ssh/sshd_config

sftp-server에 대한 자세한 설정 사항은 “man sftp-server” 로 옵션 사항을 참고하세요.

2. syslog.conf 나 rsyslog.con 파일 수정

저는 경우 rsyslog를 사용하여 /etc/rsyslog.conf 에 내용을 추가 했습니다.

추가 내용  : local2.*                                        /var/log/sftp.log

명령: # echo “local2.*                                        /var/log/sftp.log” >> /etc/rsyslog.conf
         # tail /etc/rsyslog.conf

3. 로그 파일 생성 : sftp.log

sftp.log 파일은 syslog나 rsyslog 서비스를 재시작 해주면 자동으로 생성이 된다, 만약 생성이 되지 않았을 경우 다음 명령으로 생성해 줍니다.

명령:  # touch /var/log/sftp.log

4. rsyslog, sshd,서비스 재시작

명령 : # /etc/init.d/rsyslog restart 또는 /etc/init.d/syslog restart
          # /etc/init.d/sshd restart

5. 로그 남김 확인
sftp 테스트 접속 후 로그를 보자

명령 : # tail -f /var/log/sftp.log

6. 로그로테이트 추가
로그가 기록되는 것이 확인되었다면, 마지막으로 로그로테이트에 sftp.log를 추가하여, 일정 용량 이상일 경우 로그를 백업하도록 하자.
/etc/logrotate.d/syslog 에 “/var/log/sftp.log” 를 추가하자.